Media Industries and audiences

Media Industries and audiences

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Daily mail

 

 

 

Print news: Historically news paper production was expensive.

• The production of the News was in the hands of newspaper journalists editors and printers
• Distribution of the news occurred when newspapers sent their newspapers to Newsagents via organisations who had some control over which publications were published, but had no control over content
• Newsagents and retailers sold the newspapers to the public (circulation)
• Producers control news content – this is an important issue as journalists and news editors are expected to adhere to professional standards.

On-line 

• Distribution and circulation are combined via websites or social media
• News shelf life’s with the onset of Online are now short.  With news exclusives being used (in Print media) to sell  news.   They are now less valuable as the news cycle has shortened with Online News, where an exclusive can be picked up by the competition and recycled instantly.  
• News Organisations now rely on formats such as gossip, lifestyle journalism and sports journalism to minimize risk.

 

 

 

 

Daily mail links to celebs- Lord rothermerre

 

This is sold for £0.65

Mail:demographic

age:65 yeats+ 45%

gender: 52.5% female

 

 

 how attracts woman more:

• This attracts females as the bikins on celebritys
• celebrity outfits
• a lot of the celebrity gossip is aimed towards a younger audience
• Talking about David Beckham in a tight top

 

 

                     Telograph - Owned by Barclay Brothers - multimillionaire -leaving abroad

 

This is sold at the price of £1.40 and applies a Paywall £3.00 per week to generate income

 

 

Mail:demographic

age:65 yeats+ 46 middle class men

 

 

 

 

 



 

  how attracts males:

• royal family info - older demographic
• avengers aimed towards males
• low cut dress
• 53% male and 47% female

• Some Newspapers rely entirely on advertising as they are given away (to boost circulation and attract advertising) for Free such as the Metro
• The Guardian retails for £2.20 and relies on voluntary donations for online news and now has 800,000 paying supporters
• Some newspapers gain revenue from advertising space where Print was traditionally more lucrative than online advertising, however with the decline in print sales online is increasingly more important especially as On-line has a global audience.
   
   
   

   
   

 

 

 

 

2.0 The significance of issues of ownership and economic factors, including the range of each newspaper’s print and online content,

 

Media theory Curran and Seaton.  Argue that media industries follow a capitalist pattern of increasing concentration of ownership in fewer and fewer hands.  

 

This leads to a narrowing of the range of opinions represented in the pursuit of profit at the expense of quality and creativity.  

 

Curran and Seaton’s theory relates to PROFIT and Power. 

 

• With the concentration of newspaper’s in fewer hands (oligarchies) enables Newspapers to increase profits through increased readership.
• With the narrowing of choice to few Newspaper groups the owners of the Press groups the Press Barons (see below) or Elites have the opportunity to represent their political perspectives.
• This applies to the narrow range of political opinions expressed by British Newspapers with a bias to Pro capitalism
• The reason why Press barons own Newspapers is to achieve status and to wield political power.

 

 

Economic factors.

 

Print Media

 

• Historically Print media had a strong editorial heritage with professional standards leading to serious journalism.  
• This was funded through the cost of the newspaper.

 

On-line media

 

• With the decline in Newspaper sales there has been a decline in the quality of journalism where serious journalism such as international news and investigative reporting have been reduced for cost reasons
• Advertising revenue from print journalism has moved to Online media such as Google and Facebook
• There has been a rise in cheaper journalism in the form of opinion, celebrity reporting, lifestyle journalism and sport

 

 

 

 

 

 

News Industries funding

 

• Newspapers relied on circulation and advertising for revenue, Tabloid Newspapers had a larger circulation but their working class audiences were less attractive to advertisers so the Tabloids relied more on cover price.
• Broadsheet Newspapers had smaller circulations and an attractive upmarket audience and relied more on advertising.

 

 

 

 

      summary of funding structures between the mail and telograph

 

The Daily mail is one of the biggets tabloids in the Uk,the conservative newspaper gets their money form advertising as the low price of £0.65 to have the printed tabloid.Whereas, The Teleograph is aimed towards a older audience and doesn't have a big market compared to the Daily Mail.Thisis at the price of £1.40 which is

 

 

 

 

 

Mail for example has sections which reflect the lifestyle of its audience.  The Femail section on Thursdays has a tab in the Mail – Online and addressees its female audience with topics similar to lifestyle magazines such as health food,, fashion and beauty.   The newspaper reflects its social class by including sensationalist celebrity coverage and a fairly detailed business section.

 

The Mail online addresses audiences quite differently to its print sister as the style is targeted towards a younger audience and the contentment covers more celebrity gossip and international stories as its audience is much more global.

 

The Telegraph addresses their audience in a way that focuses more on international news and serious politics as is reflected by its Broadsheet heritage.

 

5.0 how audience may interpret the same media in different ways

 

S. Hall’s Reception theory

 

The theory suggests that: When a producer constructs a text it is encoded with a meaning or message that the producer wishes to convey to the audience

 

• In some instances audiences will correctly decode the message or meaning and understand what the producer was trying to say
• In some instances the audience will either reject or fail to correctly understand the message

 

media producers encode ‘preferred meanings’ into texts, but these texts may be ‘read’ by their audiences in a number of different ways:

 

•  The dominant position: a ‘preferred reading’ that accepts the text’s messages and the ideological assumptions behind the messages
•  The negotiated position: the reader accepts the text’s ideological assumptions, but disagrees with aspects of the messages, so negotiates the meaning to fit with their ‘lived experience’
• The oppositional reading: the reader rejects both the overt message and its underlying ideological assumptions.

 

 

 

Daily mail-

online-

 

 

 

 

print

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                    The Telegraph-

                                                                           online

Print

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 preffered- They agree with main headline as they believe they should be let in

oppositional- Disagrees as it comes accross agressive and that everyone shpould be let in regardless

negotiated- Believes some Turkish people should be allowed in depending on the situation

The Print Press is regulated by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO)

The Press in principle is self-regulated by this body however some organisations are not affiliated (Guardian)
Newspapers can in principle be sued through Britain’s libel laws where journalists have to prove that what they have written is true to win cases.
Online news is not regulated at all  (unless online newspapers choose to sign up to a regulator such as IPSO.
This has provided many online news providers a loop=hole that they can publish untruths with impunity (can’t be sued)

 

 

 

  The issue of an unregulated Press is a key issue following the proven Russian interference in the 2016 Presidential elections.
Following an enquiry Facebook has acknowledged the need to employ content reviewers in order to prevent the release of fake news.
 
 
 
 

Further reading Curran and Seaton

   

Curran and Seaton A political economy approach to the media – arguing that patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. Media industries follow the normal capitalist pattern of increasing concentration